A research paper should be read as an argument supported by a method and evidence—not as a certificate that every sentence is permanently true.
Start with the research question
A precise question helps the reader judge whether the method and evidence actually address what the paper claims to study.
Examine the method
Sample size, selection, measurement, comparison groups and analysis determine what conclusions are justified.
Separate association from causation
Two variables moving together does not automatically prove that one causes the other.
Read the limitations
Limitations are not a weakness to hide. They define the boundary within which a finding should be interpreted.
Check the publication status
A preprint, conference abstract and peer-reviewed paper are different stages of research communication.
